the leather worker's trade

n; -s, -e

1. craft, trade; ein ehrliches Handwerk an honest trade; ein Handwerk lernen learn a trade; das Handwerk des Schmieds etc. the blacksmith’s etc. trade

2. das Handwerk (Berufsstand, auch Koll.) the craft, the trade; Industrie und Handwerk trade and industry

3. fig. des Politikers etc.: trade; sein Handwerk verstehen know one’s business (umg. stuff); jemandem das Handwerk legen put a stop to s.o.(‘s game); jemandem ins Handwerk pfuschen meddle in s.o. else’s affairs; ich möchte Ihnen nicht ins Handwerk pfuschen I wouldn’t like to tread (Am. step) on your toes

* * *

(Berufsstand) trade;

(Handarbeit) handwork; craft; handicraft

* * *

1) (= Beruf) trade; (= Kunsthandwerk) craft; (fig = Tätigkeit) business

2) no pl (= Wirtschaftsbereich) trade

* * *

1. (handwerklicher Beruf) trade

2. (Beschäftigung) business

3. kein pl (Berufsstand der Handwerker) trade

▶ jdm das \Handwerk legen to put an end to sb's game

▶ das \Handwerk nährt seinen Mann a trade will always provide

▶ jdm ins \Handwerk pfuschen to encroach on sb's activities

▶ sein \Handwerk verstehen [o beherrschen] to know one's job [or stuff sl]

* * *

1) craft; (als Beruf) trade

2) (Beruf)

3) o. Pl. (Berufsstand) craft professions pl

* * *

Handwerk n; -s, -e

1. craft, trade;

ein ehrliches Handwerk an honest trade;

ein Handwerk lernen learn a trade;

das Handwerk des Schmieds etc the blacksmith’s etc trade

2.

das Handwerk (Berufsstand, auch koll) the craft, the trade;

Industrie und Handwerk trade and industry

3. fig des Politikers etc: trade;

sein Handwerk verstehen know one’s business (umg stuff);

jemandem das Handwerk legen put a stop to sb(’s game);

jemandem ins Handwerk pfuschen meddle in sb else’s affairs;

ich möchte Ihnen nicht ins Handwerk pfuschen I wouldn’t like to tread (US step) on your toes

* * *

1) craft; (als Beruf) trade

2) (Beruf)

3) o. Pl. (Berufsstand) craft professions pl

* * *

craft n.

handicraft n.

handwork n.

trade n.

① maker of stage properties (acc. to Pollux 7, 189 the Old Comedy used the word as a synonym for μηχανοποιός=either a ‘stagehand’ who moved stage properties [as Aristoph., Pax 174] or a ‘manufacturer of stage properties’. Associated terms include σκηνογράφος Diog. L. 2, 125 and σκηνογραφία Arist., Poet. 1449a and Polyb. 12, 28a, 1, in ref. to painting of stage scenery) Ac 18:3. But if one understands σκηνή not as ‘scene’ but as ‘tent’ and considers it improbable that Prisca, Aquila, and Paul would have practiced such a trade in the face of alleged religious objections (s. Schürer II 54–55 on Jewish attitudes towards theatrical productions), one would follow the traditional rendering

② tentmaker. This interpretation has long enjoyed favor (s. Lampe s.v.; REB, NRSV; Hemer, Acts 119, 233), but several considerations militate against it. The term σκηνοποιός is not used outside the Bible (and its influence), except for Pollux (above) and Herm. Wr. 516, 10f=Stob. I, 463, 7ff. There it appears as an adj. and in a figurative sense concerning production of a dwelling appropriate for the soul. The context therefore clearly indicates a structure as the primary component, but in the absence of such a qualifier in Ac 18:3 it is necessary to take account of words and expressions that similarly contain the terms σκηνή and ποιεῖν. A survey of usage indicates that σκηνή appears freq. as the obj. of ποιέω in the sense ‘pitch’ or ‘erect a tent’ (s. ποιέω 1a; act. σκηνοποιέω Is 13:20 Sym. οὐδὲ σκηνοποιήσει ἐκεῖ ῎ Αραψ; 22:15 Sym.; mid. σκηνοποιέομαι Aristot., Meteor. 348b, 35; Clearch., Fgm. 48 W.; Polyb. 14, 1, 7; Diod S 3, 27, 4; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 9, 8.—Cp. σκηνοποιί̈α Aeneas Tact. 8, 3; Polyb. 6, 28, 3; ins, RevArch 3, ’34, 40; and acc. to the text. trad. of Dt 31:10 as an alternate expr. for σκηνοπηγία.—Ex 26:1, it is granted, offers clear evidence of use of the non-compounded σκηνή + ποιέω in the sense ‘produce’ or ‘manufacture [not pitch] a tent’, but the context makes the meaning unmistakable; cp. Herodian 7, 2, 4 on the building of rude housing). Analogously σκηνοποιός would mean ‘one who pitches or erects tents’, linguistically a more probable option than that of ‘tentmaker’, but in the passages cited for σκηνοποιέω and σκηνοποιί̈α components in the context (cp. the case for provision of housing in the Hermetic pass.) clearly point to the denotation ‘pitching of tents’, whereas Ac 18:3 lacks such a clear qualifier. Moreover, it is questionable whether residents of nomadic areas would depend on specialists to assist in such a common task (s. Mt 17:4 par. where a related kind of independent enterprise is mentioned).—That Prisca, Aquila, and Paul might have been engaged in the preparation of parts for the production of a tent is also improbable, since such tasks would have been left to their hired help. That they might have been responsible for putting a tent together out of various pieces is ruled out by the availability of the term σκηνορράφος (Ael., VH 2, 1 et al.; Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg. 8, 69) in the sense of stitching together (the verb ἐπιτελεῖν Hb 8:5 does not support such a view, for it is not an alternate expr. for ‘production’ of a tent but denotes ‘completion’ of a project, connoting a strong sense of religious commitment; see ἐπιτελέω 2) in which the component ῥαφ-provides an unmistakable qualifier.—In modern times more consideration has been given to identification of Paul’s trade as ‘leather-worker’, an interpretation favored by numerous versions and patristic writings (s. Zahn, AG, ad loc.; L-S-J-M Suppl., s.v., as replacement for their earlier ‘tentmaker’; Haenchen, ad loc., after JJeremias, ZNW 30, ’31; Hock, s. below). As such he would make tents and other products from leather (Hock [s. below] 21). But this and other efforts at more precise definition, such as weaver of tent-cloth (a view no longer in fashion) may transmit reflections of awareness of local practice in lieu of semantic precision.—In the absence of any use of the term σκηνοποιός, beyond the pass. in Pollux and the Herm. Wr., and the lack of specific qualifiers in the text of Ac 18:3, one is left with the strong probability that Luke’s publics in urban areas, where theatrical productions were in abundance, would think of σκηνοποιός in ref. to matters theatrical (s. 1). In addition, Ac 20:34; 1 Cor 4:12; 1 Th 2:9; 2 Th 3:8 indicate that Paul’s work was of a technical nature and was carried out in metropolitan areas, where there would be large demand for such kind of work. What publics in other areas might understand is subject to greater question, for the evidence is primarily anecdotal.—JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 135; FGrosheide, Παῦλος σκηνοποιός: TSt 35, 1917, 241f; Zahn, AG II 632, 10; 634; Billerb. II 745–47; Beginn. IV, 223; PLampe, BZ 31, ’87, 211–21; RHock, The Social Context of Paul’s Ministry: Tentmaking and Apostleship ’80.—M-M. TW.

travailler [tʀavaje]

➭ TABLE 1

1. intransitive verb

   a. to work

• travailler dur to work hard

• je vais travailler un peu à la bibliothèque I'm going to do some work in the library

• faire travailler sa tête or sa matière grise to set one's mind to work

• va travailler (go and) do some work

• fais travailler ta tête ! use your head!

• travailler en usine/à domicile to work in a factory/at home

• travailler 35 heures par semaine to work a 35-hour week

• dans ce pays on fait travailler les enfants à huit ans in this country they put children to work at the age of eight

• il a commencé à travailler chez Legrand hier he started work at Legrand's yesterday

• sa femme travaille his wife goes out to work

• on finit de travailler à 17 heures we finish work at 5 o'clock

   b. ( = s'exercer) [artiste, acrobate, musicien] to practise ; [boxeur] to train

   c. [métal, bois] to warp

2. transitive verb

   a. ( = façonner) [+ matière, verre, fer] to work

• travailler la terre to work the land

• travailler la pâte ( = pétrir) to knead the dough

   b. ( = potasser, améliorer) to work on

• travailler son anglais to work on one's English

• travailler le chant/piano to practise singing/the piano

• travailler son piano to do one's piano practice

• travailler une balle (Tennis) to put some spin on a ball

► travailler à [+ livre, projet] to work on ; [+ cause, but] to work for ; ( = s'efforcer d'obtenir) to work towards

   c. [doutes, faits] to worry ; [douleur] to torment

• cette idée/ce projet le travaille this idea/this plan is very much on his mind

* * *

1) ( pour perfectionner) to work on [style, matière scolaire, voix, muscles]; to practise [BrE] [sport, instrument, chant]

2) ( manipuler) to work [bois, métal]; Culinaire to knead [pâte]; Agriculture to work, to cultivate [terre]; to cultivate [vigne]

3) ( préoccuper)

travailler à verbe transitif indirect

verbe intransitif

1) ( faire un effort) [personne, machine] to work; [muscles] to work

2) ( exercer un métier) to work

3) Commerce ( faire des affaires) [commerçant, magasin, hôtel] to do business

4) ( produire un revenu)

5) ( œuvrer)

6) ( s'entraîner) [athlète] to train; [boxeur] to train, to work out; [musicien, danseur] to practise [BrE]

7) ( se modifier) [bois] to warp; [vin] to ferment

8) ( se déformer) [poutre] to be in stress

* * *

1. vi

1) [personne] to work

2) [bois] to warp

2. vt

1) (= façonner) [bois, métal] to work, [pâte] to knead, [objet d'art] to work on

2) [discipline]

3) (= préoccuper)

4) (= influencer) to work on

5) (autre locution)

* * *

travailler verb table: aimer

A vtr

1 ( pour perfectionner) to work on [style, matière scolaire, mouvement, voix, muscles]; to practise^GB [sport, instrument, chant, sonate]; travailler son latin to work on one's Latin; travailler le saut en longueur to practise^GB the long jump;

2 ( manipuler) to work [bois, métal]; Culin to knead [pâte]; to stir [sth] until smooth [sauce]; Agric to work, to cultivate [terre]; to cultivate [vigne];

3 Sport to train [cheval, taureau]; travailler une balle to put (some) spin on a ball;

4 ( préoccuper) travailler qn [affaire, idée] to be ou prey on sb's mind, to bother sb; ( tourmenter) [jalousie, douleur] to plague sb; je ne sais pas ce qui le travaille I don't know what's bothering him; un doute me travaillait I had a nagging doubt; c'est la jalousie qui le travaille he's plagued ou tormented by jealousy; ce sont ses dents qui le travaillent ( parlant d'un bébé) he is out of sorts because he's teething.

B travailler à vtr ind travailler à to work on [projet, dissertation]; to work towards [objectif]; travailler quatre ans à sa thèse to work on one's thesis for four years; travailler à rétablir la paix to endeavour^GB to restore peace; travailler à la perte de qn to try to engineer sb's downfall.

C vi

1 ( faire un effort) [personne, machine] to work; [muscles] to work; travailler de ses mains to work with one's hands; travailler sur un texte/projet to work on a text/project; faire travailler un élève to make a pupil work; faire travailler ses biceps to use one's biceps; faire travailler son cerveau to apply one's mind; ton imagination travaille trop you have an overactive imagination;

2 ( exercer un métier) to work; travailler en usine/à domicile to work in a factory/at home; travailler dans l'édition/le textile to work in publishing/textiles; travailler comme secrétaire to work as a secretary; travailler en équipes/de nuit to work shifts/nights; travailler en indépendant to work freelance, to be self-employed; ta mère travaille? does your mother work?; il a hâte de travailler he can't wait to start work; faire travailler les enfants to put children to work; travailler au noir gén to work without declaring one's earnings; ( exercer un second emploi non déclaré) to moonlight;

3 ( faire des affaires) Comm [commerçant, magasin, hôtel] to do business; bien travailler to do good business; l'épicier/restaurant ne travaille pas beaucoup the grocer/restaurant isn't doing much business; travailler avec l'étranger to do business abroad; travailler pour l'exportation to work in exports; nous travaillons surtout l'été/avec les touristes most of our trade is in the summer/with tourists; travailler à perte [entreprise, commerce] to run at a loss;

4 ( produire un revenu) [argent] to work; faire travailler son argent to make one's money work for one;

5 ( œuvrer) travailler pour/contre qn to work for/against sb; nous voulons la paix et c'est dans ce sens que nous travaillons we want peace and we are working toward(s) it; travailler pour/contre ses intérêts to act in/against one's own interests;

6 ( s'entraîner) [athlète] to train; [boxeur] to train, work out; [musicien, danseur] to practise^GB; travailler aux barres parallèles to work on the parallel bars;

7 ( se modifier) [bois] to warp; [vin] to ferment; [pâte] to prove, to rise;

8 ( se déformer) [poutre] to be in stress.

[travaje] verbe intransitif

1. [être actif] to work

2. [avoir une profession] to work

3. [faire des affaires] to do (good) business

4. [pratiquer son activité - artiste, athlète] to practise, to train ; [ - boxeur] to work out, to train

5. [changer de forme, de nature - armature, poutre] to warp ; [ - fondations, vin] to work

6. [suivi d'une préposition]

travailler à [succès] to work ou to strive for

le temps travaille contre/pour nous time is working against us/is on our side

————————

[travaje] verbe transitif

1. [façonner - bois, bronze, glaise] to work

[CUISINE - mélange, sauce] to stir

a. CUISINE to knead ou to work the dough

b. [peintre] to work the paste

2. [perfectionner - discours, style] to work on (inseparable), to polish up (separable), to hone ; [ - matière scolaire] to work at ou on (inseparable), to go over (inseparable) ; [ - concerto, scène] to work on, to rehearse

[SPORT - mouvement] to practise, to work on ; [ - balle] to put (a) spin on

3. [obséder] to worry

4. [tenter d'influencer] to work on (inseparable)

1 industry.

industria alimentaria food industry

industria automovilística o del automóvil car industry

industria cinematográfica o del cine film o movie industry

industria del ocio leisure industry

industria punta sunrise industry

2 factory.

3 diligence, industry, application, sedulousness.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: industriar.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: industriar.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) industry

2 (fábrica) factory

\

industria terciaria tertiary industry

* * *

* * *

1) (Com) industry

2) (=fábrica) factory

3) (=dedicación) industry, industriousness

4) † (=maña) ingenuity, skill, expertise

* * *

femenino (Com, Econ) industry

- industria artesanal

- industria automovilística/pesquera

- industria pesada

- industria siderúrgica

* * *

= industry, industrial organisation.

Ex. Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.

Ex. This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.

----

* científico de la industria = industrial scientist.

* crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.

* estándar de la industria = industry standard.

* industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.

* industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.

* industria agrícola = agro-industry.

* industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.

* industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.

* industria alimentaria = food industry.

* industria alimenticia = food industry.

* industria artesanal = cottage industry.

* industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.

* industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.

* industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.

* industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.

* industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].

* industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.

* industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.

* industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.

* industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.

* industria del acero = steel industry.

* industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.

* industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.

* industria de la confección = clothing industry.

* industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.

* industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.

* industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.

* industria de la edición = book publishing industry.

* industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.

* industria de la edición impresa = print industry.

* industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.

* industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.

* industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.

* industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.

* industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.

* industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.

* industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.

* industria de la información, la = information industry, the.

* industria de la informática = computer industry.

* industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.

* industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.

* industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.

* industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.

* industria de la madera = timber industry.

* industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.

* industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.

* industria de la propiedad = property industry.

* industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.

* industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.

* industria de las bases de datos = database industry.

* industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.

* industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.

* industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.

* industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.

* industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.

* industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.

* industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.

* industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.

* industria del carbón = coal industry.

* industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.

* industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.

* industria del cuero = leather industry.

* industria del espectáculo, la = show business.

* industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.

* industria del gas = gas industry.

* industria del libro = book industry.

* industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.

* industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.

* industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.

* industria de los alimentos = food industry.

* industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.

* industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.

* industria del papel = paper industry.

* industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.

* industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.

* industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.

* industria del software, la = software industry, the.

* industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.

* industria del turismo = tourism industry.

* industria del vestir = clothing industry.

* industria de servicios = service industry.

* industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.

* industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.

* industria editorial = book industry.

* industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.

* industria energética = energy industry, energy company.

* industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.

* industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.

* industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.

* industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.

* industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.

* industria ligera = light industry.

* industria maderera = timber industry.

* industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.

* industria marina, la = marine industry, the.

* industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.

* industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.

* industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.

* industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.

* industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.

* industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.

* industria papelera = paper industry.

* industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.

* industria pesada = heavy industry.

* industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.

* industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.

* industria química = chemical industry.

* industria química, la = chemical industry, the.

* industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.

* industria textil = textile industry.

* industria turística = tourism industry.

* industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.

* la industria de la informática = computer industry.

* Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.

* norma de la industria = industry standard.

* para toda la industria = industry-wide.

* período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.

* sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.

* trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.

* * *

femenino (Com, Econ) industry

- industria artesanal

- industria automovilística/pesquera

- industria pesada

- industria siderúrgica

* * *

* * *

A ( Com, Econ) industry

la industria de la construcción the construction industry

cottage industry

motor industry, car industry

cottage industry

telecommunications industry

sex industry

space industry

light industry

arms o weapons industry, defense* industry

heavy industry

fishing industry

staple industries (pl)

iron and steel industry

1 (esfuerzo) diligence, industry

2 (destreza) resourcefulness, ingenuity

* * *

◊ industria del turismo tourist industry;

* * *

industria nf

1. [sector] industry

industria armamentística arms industry;

industria automotriz car o Br motor o US automobile industry;

industria del automóvil car o Br motor o US automobile industry;

industria automovilística car o Br motor o US automobile industry;

industria del entretenimiento entertainment industry;

industria en expansión growth industry;

industria ligera light industry;

industria del ocio leisure industry;

industria pesada heavy industry;

industria punta sunrise industry;

industria textil textile industry;

industria de transformación manufacturing industry;

industria del turismo tourist industry;

industria turística tourist industry

2. [fábrica] factory

3. [habilidad] industry, hard work

* * *

1 actividad, sector industry

2 ( esfuerzo) industriousness, industry

* * *

industria nf

: industry

* * *

industria n industry [pl. industries]

professional.

1 professional, career man, pro.

2 career woman.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (gen) professional

■ es futbolista profesional he's a professional footballer

► nombre masulino o femenino

1 professional

■ en este barrio viven mayormente profesionales mostly professional people live in this neighbourhood

■ trabaja el cuero de maravilla, es todo un profesional he does wonders with leather, he's a real professional

■ los profesionales de la enseñanza están en huelga the teachers are on strike

* * *

* * *

ADJ professional

SMF professional

* * *

adjetivo <fotógrafo/deportista> professional

masculino y femenino

a) ( no aficionado) professional

b) ( de las profesiones liberales) professional

* * *

adjetivo <fotógrafo/deportista> professional

masculino y femenino

a) ( no aficionado) professional

b) ( de las profesiones liberales) professional

* * *

profesional¹

¹ = practitioner, professional, pro.

Nota: Abreviatura de professional.

profesional²

² = occupational, professional, vocational, workmanlike.

* * *

‹fotógrafo/jugador› professional

influye en su vida profesional it is affecting her work o her professional life

1 (no amateur) professional

un gran profesional a true professional

un profesional del crimen a professional criminal

2 (de las profesiones liberales) professional

* * *

* * *

♦ adj

1. [de la profesión] professional

2. [eficaz] professional;

es un albañil muy profesional he's a very professional bricklayer

3. [deportista] professional

♦ nmf

1. [trabajador liberal] professional

2. [deportista] professional

3. [practicante de actividad] professional;

un profesional del crimen a professional criminal;

un profesional del pesimismo a professional pessimist

* * *

I adj professional

II m/f professional

* * *

profesional adj & nmf

: professional

♦ profesionalmente adv

* * *

profesional adj n professional